Cutting stringers is a critical step in constructing a sturdy staircase. These long, sloping beams support the treads and risers, ensuring the safety and stability of the stairs. However, cutting stringers accurately and efficiently can be a daunting task, especially for those without prior carpentry experience. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the intricacies of stringer cutting, providing detailed instructions, essential tips, and helpful tricks to help you achieve perfect results.
Before embarking on the cutting process, it is imperative to gather the necessary tools and materials. A power saw, such as a circular saw or a miter saw, will be essential for making precise cuts. Additionally, you will need a measuring tape, a pencil or marking tool, a level, and a sturdy work surface. Once you have assembled your tools and materials, you can begin the process of cutting the stringers.
Accurate measurements are crucial for ensuring that the stringers fit together correctly. Carefully measure the rise and run of the stairs, which are the vertical and horizontal distances between the treads. Transfer these measurements to the stringers, marking the locations where the treads and risers will be attached. It is advisable to use a level to ensure that the stringers are level both horizontally and vertically. Once the measurements are verified, you can begin cutting the stringers using your power saw, following the marked lines precisely.
Selecting the Right Stringers
Stringers are essential components in creating a sturdy and leveled deck that will endure the test of time. Choosing the appropriate stringers is crucial for ensuring the structural integrity and longevity of your deck. Here are some key considerations to guide you in selecting the right stringers:
Size and Thickness:
The size and thickness of the stringers you need will depend on the size and weight of the deck you are building, as well as the spacing between the supports. As a general rule, thicker stringers can support heavier loads and wider spans. For residential decks, stringers typically range in thickness from 2×6 inches to 2×12 inches.
Wood Species:
The type of wood you choose for your stringers will impact their durability and resistance to decay. Pressure-treated lumber is a popular and economical option for decks, as it has been chemically treated to resist rot and insect damage. Other durable wood species for stringers include cedar, redwood, and composite materials.
Grade:
The grade of the lumber also indicates its quality and strength. For stringers, it’s recommended to use lumber that is graded for structural use, such as “Select Structural” or “Dense Select Structural.” These grades have been inspected for knots, splits, and other defects that could compromise the strength of the stringers.
Spacing:
The spacing between the stringers affects the overall stability of the deck. Typically, stringers are spaced 16 inches to 24 inches apart. Closer spacing provides more support, while wider spacing can reduce material costs.
| Decking Material | Recommended Stringer Spacing |
|---|---|
| Pressure-treated lumber | 16-24 inches |
| Composite decking | 12-16 inches |
Bearing Surface:
The bearing surface of the stringer is the area where it rests on the support posts. Ensure that the stringers have adequate bearing surface on the supports to prevent sinking or rotation.
Preparing for Cutting
Gathering Materials
Before you begin cutting stringers, ensure you have the following essential materials:
| Materials | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Stringers | Main structural components of the staircase |
| Circular saw | For cutting precise angles and lengths |
| Speed square | For marking angles and measuring lengths |
| Framing square | For checking squareness and marking plumb lines |
| Carpenter’s pencil | For marking lines on the stringers |
| Clamps | For holding the stringers secure while cutting |
| Safety glasses | For protecting your eyes from flying debris |
| Ear protection | For minimizing noise exposure |
Laying Out the Stringers
To ensure accurate cutting, prepare the stringers by marking the desired angles and lengths.
Marking Angles
Use a framing square to lay out the plumb and tread angles on the stringer. The plumb angle is 90 degrees, representing the vertical rise of the staircase. The tread angle is typically between 30 and 35 degrees, depending on the desired slope of the stairs.
Determining Lengths
Calculate the length of each stringer based on the run (horizontal distance between the supports) and the rise (vertical distance between the supports). Use the Pythagorean theorem (a2 + b2 = c2) to determine the length of the hypotenuse, which is the stringer length. Alternatively, use a stair calculation tool or consult a professional for assistance.
Using a Circular Saw
A circular saw is a powerful tool that can be used to cut through a variety of materials, including wood, metal, and plastic. When cutting stringers, it is important to use a sharp blade and to make sure that the saw is properly aligned. It is also a good idea to use a saw guide to help keep the cut straight.
Step 1: Set the Blade Depth
The first step is to set the blade depth so that it is slightly deeper than the thickness of the stringer. To do this, loosen the blade depth adjustment knob and move the blade up or down until the desired depth is reached. Tighten the knob to secure the blade in place.
Step 2: Align the Saw
Next, align the saw so that the blade is perpendicular to the stringer. To do this, place the saw on the stringer and make sure that the baseplate is flat against the surface. If the saw is not aligned properly, the cut will be angled.
Step 3: Make the Cut
Once the saw is aligned, you can begin to make the cut. To do this, hold the saw firmly with both hands and slowly move it along the stringer. Be sure to apply even pressure to the saw so that the cut is smooth and straight. Once the cut is complete, release the trigger and allow the saw to come to a complete stop before removing it from the stringer.
Table 1: Circular Saw Settings for Cutting Stringers
| Material | Blade Size | Blade Depth | Feed Rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wood | 7-1/4 inch | 1/2 inch | 12 inches per minute |
| Metal | 10 inch | 1/4 inch | 6 inches per minute |
| Plastic | 6-1/2 inch | 1/8 inch | 18 inches per minute |
Using a Jigsaw
Using a jigsaw to cut stringers is a relatively simple process, but it does require some care and precision. Here are the steps on how to do it:
- Mark the cut lines. Using a pencil or chalk, mark the cut lines on the stringers. Be sure to measure carefully and make sure that the lines are straight and parallel.
- Clamp the stringers. Clamp the stringers securely to a workbench or sawhorses. This will help to prevent them from moving while you are cutting.
- Set the jigsaw blade. Select a jigsaw blade that is appropriate for the thickness of the stringers. A thicker blade will cut faster, but it may also leave a rougher edge.
- Cut the stringers. Slowly and carefully, cut along the marked lines. Be sure to keep the jigsaw blade perpendicular to the stringers, and apply even pressure throughout the cut.
Tips for Cutting Stringers with a Jigsaw
Here are some tips for cutting stringers with a jigsaw:
| Use a sharp blade. A dull blade will cut slower and may leave a rougher edge. |
| Cut slowly and carefully. Rushing the cut may result in uneven or inaccurate cuts. |
| Keep the jigsaw blade perpendicular to the stringers. This will help to ensure that the cuts are straight and clean. |
With a little practice, you can use a jigsaw to cut stringers accurately and efficiently.
Using a Miter Saw
A miter saw is a power tool that is specifically designed for making accurate angled cuts in wood. It is a popular choice for cutting stringers because it is relatively easy to use and can produce clean, precise cuts. To cut stringers using a miter saw, follow these steps:
- Measure and mark the stringer.
- Set the miter saw to the correct angle.
- Support the stringer.
- Make the cut.
- Check the cut.
Start by measuring and marking the desired length of the stringer. Be sure to measure from the outside edge of the stringer to the outside edge of the stringer, as this is where the cut will be made.
Next, set the miter saw to the correct angle for the cut. The angle will depend on the type of staircase you are building. For a standard staircase, the angle will be 45 degrees. To set the angle, simply loosen the knob on the saw and rotate the saw blade to the desired angle. Once the angle is set, tighten the knob to lock it in place.
Before making the cut, it is important to support the stringer properly. This will help to prevent the stringer from moving or twisting during the cut. You can support the stringer by placing it on a sawhorse or by using a pair of sawhorses and a straight edge.
Once the stringer is supported, you can make the cut. To do this, simply hold the stringer in place and slowly lower the saw blade into the wood. Be sure to apply even pressure throughout the cut. Once the cut is complete, release the trigger and allow the saw blade to return to its starting position.
Once the cut is complete, check the cut to make sure that it is accurate. To do this, place the stringer on a flat surface and use a level to check the angle of the cut. If the cut is not accurate, you can adjust the miter saw and make another cut.
Cutting Curves
Cutting curves in stringers requires a more delicate approach than straight cuts. Follow these steps to achieve smooth and precise curves:
1. Mark the Curve
Carefully trace the curve onto the stringer using a pencil or chalk. Ensure the line is clear and visible.
2. Cut Multiple Notches
Along the curve, cut a series of small notches with a handsaw or oscillating tool. Space the notches close together, especially at the tighter curves.
3. Remove Excess Material
Use a chisel or gouge to remove the excess material between the notches. Work gradually, removing small amounts at a time to avoid overcutting.
4. Smooth the Edges
Once the excess material is removed, use a file or sandpaper to smooth the edges of the curve. Start with a coarse grit and gradually switch to finer grits for a smooth finish.
5. Check the Fit
Before proceeding to the next step, assemble the stringer and check if the curve fits correctly. If necessary, make further adjustments until the fit is perfect.
6. Advanced Techniques
For more complex curves, consider using the following techniques:
| Technique | Description |
|---|---|
| Steam Bending | Apply steam to the stringer to soften it, allowing it to be bent into curves without breaking. |
| Laminating | Create curved stringers by gluing together multiple layers of thin wood, bending them to shape as you glue. |
| Routing | Use a router with a curved template to cut precise and consistent curves in the stringer. |
Joining Stringers
Joining stringers is a crucial step in the construction process that requires precision and proper execution. There are several methods for joining stringers, each with its own advantages and applications. The choice of method depends on factors such as the type of stringers, the desired strength of the joint, and the available tools.
One common method is scarfing, which involves cutting a tapered end on each stringer and then overlapping and gluing them together. This method provides a strong and aesthetically pleasing joint. Another method is butt-joining, where the ends of the stringers are simply glued together. While this method is relatively simple, it is not as strong as scarfing.
Pocket screws are also a popular option for joining stringers. This method involves drilling recessed holes into the stringers and then driving screws into the holes to create a secure joint. Pocket screws provide a strong and durable connection and are easy to use.
When joining stringers, it is important to ensure that the joints are properly aligned and secured. This will prevent the stairs from squeaking or becoming loose over time. Additionally, it is crucial to use the appropriate glue and fasteners for the type of stringers and the desired strength of the joint.
Here is a table summarizing the different methods for joining stringers:
| Method | Strength | Complexity | Appearance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Scarfing | Strong | Moderate | Aesthetically pleasing |
| Butt-joining | Weak | Simple | Not as aesthetically pleasing |
| Pocket screws | Strong | Easy | Hidden |
Choosing the right method for joining stringers is essential for ensuring the stability and longevity of the stairs. By following the proper steps and using the appropriate techniques, you can create strong and reliable joints that will withstand the test of time.
Finishing Touches
With your stringers cut to size, it’s time to add the finishing touches that will complete your project and ensure optimal performance.
8. Sanding and Smoothing
Sanding the stringers is essential for achieving a smooth and splinter-free surface. Use a medium-grit sandpaper and sand along the length of the stringers, paying attention to the edges and corners where splinters may occur. Afterward, switch to a finer-grit sandpaper to remove any remaining rough spots. A smooth finish will not only enhance the aesthetics but also prevent potential injuries.
Here’s a detailed table outlining the sanding process:
| Sanding Steps | Grit |
|---|---|
| Initial sanding | 100-120 |
| Smoothing | 150-180 |
| Final finish | 220-240 |
Follow these steps to ensure a professional-looking and safe finish for your stringers.
Safety Considerations
When cutting stringers, it is crucial to prioritize safety to prevent accidents and injuries. Here are some vital safety considerations to keep in mind:
Eye Protection
Wear safety glasses or goggles to protect your eyes from flying wood chips and sawdust.
Respiratory Protection
Use a dust mask or respirator to prevent inhalation of harmful wood dust.
Hearing Protection
Wear earplugs or earmuffs to minimize noise exposure from power tools.
Proper Clothing
Avoid loose clothing or jewelry that could get caught in the saw.
Secure Work Area
Ensure the work area is well-lit and free of clutter to prevent tripping hazards.
Inspect Equipment
Check that all tools, including saws and safety devices, are in good working condition.
Secure Stringers
Clamp or secure the stringers firmly to a stable surface before cutting to prevent movement.
Use Sharp Blades
Replace dull blades with sharp ones to ensure clean and precise cuts, reducing the risk of kickback.
Avoid Kickback
Always cut with the direction of the blade rotation and make sure the workpiece is firmly secured to prevent sudden backward motion.
Troubleshooting Common Problems
1. The stringer is not straight.
Make sure that the saw blade is perpendicular to the stringer. You can use a square or a level to check this. If the blade is not perpendicular, the stringer will not be straight when you cut it.
2. The stringer is too short or too long.
Make sure that you have measured the stringer correctly. You can use a tape measure or a ruler to do this. If the stringer is too short, you will need to cut a new one. If the stringer is too long, you can trim it to the correct length.
3. The stringer is not level.
Make sure that the stringer is level before you start cutting. You can use a level to check this. If the stringer is not level, you will need to shim it up or down until it is level.
4. The stringer is warped.
If the stringer is warped, you will need to use a new one. Warped stringers can be dangerous to cut, and they can also cause problems when you install them.
5. The blade is dull.
A dull blade will make it difficult to cut the stringer. If the blade is dull, you will need to sharpen it or replace it.
6. The saw is not running at the correct speed.
The saw should be running at the correct speed for the material you are cutting. If the saw is running too slow, the blade will not cut through the material. If the saw is running too fast, the blade may overheat and burn the material.
7. The saw is not feeding the material correctly.
The saw should be feeding the material into the blade at the correct rate. If the saw is feeding the material too slowly, the blade will not cut through the material. If the saw is feeding the material too quickly, the blade may overheat and burn the material.
8. The material is not clamped securely.
The material should be clamped securely before you start cutting. If the material is not clamped securely, it can move while you cut it, which can cause the blade to bind or break.
9. The saw is not properly maintained.
The saw should be properly maintained to keep it running safely and efficiently. This includes cleaning the saw, lubricating the moving parts, and checking the blade for wear and damage.
10. The operator is not experienced.
If you are not experienced in cutting stringers, it is important to get some practice before you start working on a real project. Cutting stringers can be dangerous if you do not know what you are doing, so it is important to learn the proper techniques and safety procedures before you get started.
How To Cut Stringers
Stringers are the structural members that support the treads and risers of a staircase. They are typically made of wood, but can also be made of metal or concrete. Cutting stringers can be a challenging task, but it is essential to get it right in order to ensure the safety and stability of the staircase.
There are two main ways to cut stringers: using a stair stringer calculator or using a template. A stair stringer calculator is a software program that can be used to generate a cutting list for your stringers. This is the most accurate method of cutting stringers, but it can be time-consuming. If you do not have access to a stair stringer calculator, you can use a template to cut your stringers. A template is a piece of wood that has been cut to the correct shape and size for your stringers. This method is less accurate than using a stair stringer calculator, but it is simpler and faster.
Once you have chosen a method for cutting your stringers, you will need to gather the necessary tools and materials. These include:
- A circular saw or miter saw
- A tape measure
- A pencil
- A level
- A framing square
- Safety glasses
Once you have gathered your tools and materials, you can begin cutting your stringers. If you are using a stair stringer calculator, follow the instructions provided by the software. If you are using a template, trace the template onto the wood and then cut out the stringers using a circular saw or miter saw. Be sure to use a level to make sure that the stringers are cut straight.
People Also Ask
What is the best way to cut stringers?
The best way to cut stringers is to use a stair stringer calculator. This software program can be used to generate a cutting list for your stringers, which is the most accurate method of cutting stringers.
Can I use a template to cut stringers?
Yes, you can use a template to cut stringers. A template is a piece of wood that has been cut to the correct shape and size for your stringers. This method is less accurate than using a stair stringer calculator, but it is simpler and faster.
What tools do I need to cut stringers?
To cut stringers, you will need a circular saw or miter saw, a tape measure, a pencil, a level, a framing square, and safety glasses.
